We study the low-energy deuteron-deuteron elastic scattering using the cluster effective field theory formalism up to next-to-leading order (NLO). For this purpose, we initially focus on determination of the unknown effective field theory coupling constant values using the phase shift analysis and available differential cross section data. The differential cross section versus center of mass energy and scattering angle are plotted up to NLO in the suggested power counting and compared to the available experimental data. Our effective field theory results showgood consistency with the present data.

In the present work, we studied the α-4He particle elastic scattering by measuring cross section with halo Effective Field Theory (hEFT) at low energies. In this article, we considered α-4He elastic scattering in S-wave state at the very low energy. The α-4He elastic scattering amplitude comprises the initial s-wave strong and Coulomb interaction at leading order. Because of the unnaturally large scattering length of the aα α , it is considered as a halo system. We defined the lagrangian of this system and then calculated the T-matrix for the scattering amplitude at leading order by using of the Feynman diagrams. Data of the α-4He elastic scattering refer basically to the low energy extending to 0. 29 MeV, the total cross section that with this approach has been calculated will be σ _t≃ 16: 0226 mb. It was shown that, the presented strategy can be efficiently developed for the other halo nucleus.

Resonance light scattering (RLS) is an elastic scattering phenomenon that was first introduced and established by Pasternack et al. and its first application for analytical use was developed by Huang et al. It is often used to study the aggregation and assembly of biological macromolecules by means of an ordinary fluorescence spectrometer. RLS is an extremely sensitive and selective technique for monitoring molecular assemblies. In the recent years, the method has been developed for the determination of proteins. It can be combined with other techniques such as absorption, fluorescence and CD spectroscopies, and can compensate for the drawbacks of spectrophotometric and fluorometric measurements. The present study describes an investigation by RLS intensity of the Cytochrome C in the presence of electromagnetic fields (EMFs). The results obtained from this study indicated that EMFs had an ability to increase the RLS intensity.

The knowledge related to the methodology of the field trial study as a type of intervention studies, yet for many of our researchers is not fully understood. The aim of the current study was a better understanding of conducting this type of research. Field trial studies are done on healthy individuals and aim to prevent. These types of studies such as clinical trials are performed on both individual and collective levels. One type of these studies is Community Intervention Trial which is usually done on a large scale population. Field trial study should be carried out in stages, such as the formulation of hypotheses, selection of the population (reference population, study population, and sampling), measuring the baseline variables (before conducting preventive intervention), random allocation of subjects to intervention and control groups, doing interventions and measuring outcome. The methodology of field trial studies is very similar to clinical trials. The difference is that field trials are conducted on healthy individuals and aim to prevent and also the sample size required to this type of study is relatively more, and these studies are usually time consuming and costly.

Porous silicon (PS) layers come into existence as a result of electrochemical anodization on silicon. Although a great deal of research has been done on the formation and optical properties of this material, the exact mechanism involved is not well-understood yet. In this article, first, the optical properties of silicon and porous silicon are described. Then, previous research and the proposed models about reflection from PS and the origin of its photoluminescence are reviewed. The reflecting and scattering, absorption and transmission of light from this material are then investigated. These experiments include: different methods of PS sample preparation; their photoluminescence, reflecting and scattering of light; determining different characteristics with respect to Si bulk

Summary Several newly constructed tunnels, which have been damaged by earthquake loading, have led to extensive research on the evaluation of earthquake effects on tunnels. Underground structures are increasingly being built and exploited in the context of urban expansion and development. Tunnels are one of the most important underground structures. Failure of several tunnels under earthquake loading, and especially damage to these tunnels, have been the reasons to investigate the effects of earthquake on the tunnels. Introduction Various activities, especially during earthquake, on the adjacent structures are of particular importance. This importance will be more in the vicinity of the historical building, due to their vast material and spiritual values. In this research, using the Henkel type I and three scale accelerometers related to the earthquakes in Northridge, Tabas and Kobe, and employing the expanded FESCAM program in MATLAB environment, the historical structures of thirty-three buildings have been studied. Methodology and Approaches In this research, nonlinear time histories analysis has been used to generalize Henkel's relationship and to calculate the exact difference. The input waves have been investigated by the researchers for use in the Henkel harmonic waves function. The Henkel function of the first type using the mentioned accelerations is used considering the amount of dissociation, the degree of strain and stress around the twin tunnels as an additive parameter to the limited element analysis of the present study. Results and Conclusions In this paper, the operation of differentiation is expanded with the use of mathematical relations. A case study of twin tunnels is Si-o-se-pol twin tunnels. The results of this study show that the mean displacement of horizontal thirty three bridges there in comparison with the failure to consider the effect of fractionation is increased by 28. 8% and the displacement rate of the thirty three bridges compared to the failure includes the difference of 11 / 30%. Moreover, the displacement of underground structures during an earthquake is less than that of the ground structures. The results of the Mann-Whitney test with the SPSS software program have shown that there is no significant difference between the seismic performance of the thirty three bridges with the effect of tunneling dispersion and without the effect of tunneling dissociation (P-value≥ 0. 05).

Background: Producing the ideal therapeutic electron beams from a clinical linear accelerator (Linac), is crucial to optimize dose delivery in radiotherapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the properties of electron beams with and without the scattering foil. Materials and Methods: Varian Linac 2100CD head was simulated by means of MCNPX-2. 7 program. After validation with measured data, scattering foils were removed and then different dosimetric properties of 6 and 9 MeV electron beams such as depth dose percentage, dose profile, range, surface dose, dose rate and photon contamination were calculated and compared for field sizes ranging from 0. 25×0. 25 to 10×10 cm2 in three states with primary and secondary scattering foil (SF), without primary scattering foil (PSFF) and without primary and secondary scattering foil (SFF). Results: By removing the scattering foils, dose rates and surface doses were increased more than 25 times in 0. 25×0. 25 cm2 field, and in the bigger fields, it was less in 10×10 cm2 field, almost 4 times and the photon contamination is reduced by 20% times in 0. 25×0. 25 cm2 field. Also, Adjacent organs receive a lower dose, Because the dose profile curve was shrieked, it was almost 1cm in field 2×2 cm2 and less than 1cm in other fields. The dose profile flatness was diminished in scattering foil-free (SFF) mode which is not crucial for the small fields. Conclusion: Removing scattering foil improves dosimetric properties of electron beams specially to treat the superficial tumors and for the small field radiotherapy.